What is the energy supply in the park?

The energy supply and its supporting systems in the park are intricate, encompassing not only the traditional power grid but also newer energy supplies and essential municipal infrastructures such as gas, heat, and water supply.

What types of energy systems are used in parks?

Common energy systems in these parks include integrated systems for cooling, heating, and power, alongside wind, solar, and energy storage technologies. These systems facilitate diverse energy utilization methods such as wind power, photovoltaic generation, and gas-fired heating [9, 10, 19].

Who are the key stakeholders in the park energy system?

As IESs evolve, core stakeholders such as energy supply companies remain upstream in the park energy system's business chain, while energy sellers, technology providers, and third-party service companies, engage variably to share benefits and risks.

Are energy monitoring and management systems effective in parks?

While energy monitoring and management systems are commonly used in parks to track consumption, however, these systems often suffer from a heterogenous energy structure and a lack of effective linkage and coupling strategies, resulting in suboptimal energy utilization rates.

When did China release its first guiding-policy for energy storage?

On October 11, 2017, China released its first national-level guiding-policy document covering energy storage.

What are China's energy policies?

These policies, effective from 2015 to 2023, have focused on achieving interconnectedness among multiple energy sources while simultaneously ensuring ecological preservation during the enhancement of China's energy systems. Category C: Specific Work, Business Development, and Standardization.