What is a smart meter?

2.4. Smart meter A smart meter (SM) is an advanced measurement device that monitors real-time power consumption and records this data at predetermined intervals. One of their great advantages is that the device's architecture and interface can be customized to offer a range of services .

What is battery energy storage system (BESS)?

By Sifat Amin and Mehrdad Boloorchi Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are emerging in all areas of electricity sectors including generation services, ancillary services, transmission services, distribution services, and consumers' energy management services.

What is a BTM Bess meter?

BTM BESS are connected behind the utility service meter of the commercial, industrial, or residential consumers and their primary objective is consumer energy management and electricity bill savings. The BTM BESS acts as a load during the batteries charging periods and act as a generator during the batteries discharging periods.

What is gross metering?

At the end of a billing period, users are billed given their import from the grid minus the energy exported to the grid, which is generally measured by a smart meter. With a relatively similar structure, Gross metering is defined in which prosumers' energy import and export are measured by two separate power meters .

Why are energy storage systems important?

Energy storage systems (ESSs) can help make the most of the opportunities and mitigate the potential challenges. Hence, the installed capacity of ESSs is rapidly increasing, both in front-of-the-meter and behind-the-meter (BTM), accelerated by recent deep reductions in ESS costs.

Can a BTM ESS be used as a reserve capacity?

Historically, it's been accomplished using a reserve capacity in the generation units, which increases costs and affects energy efficiency . However, under aggregation platforms, a large number of BTM ESSs can act as a single entity and be considered as a reserve capacity to provide energy for the network as required [84, 85].