Can a hybrid tram operate without a grid connection?

This paper describes a hybrid tram powered by a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell (FC) stack supported by an energy storage system (ESS) composed of a Li-ion battery (LB) pack and an ultra-capacitor (UC) pack. This configuration allows the tram to operate without grid connection.

What are the components of a tram?

This tram is firstly composed of the following elements: A Li-ion battery pack, an ultra-capacitor pack, two dc/dc bidirectional converters, tram loads, braking chopper, and energy management services. Latterly, to enhance drivability and range, a PEM FC stack and a dc/dc unidirectional converter are added, marked with star symbols in Fig. 1.

Is there an equivalent consumption minimization strategy for a hybrid tram?

An equivalent consumption minimization strategy is proposed and verified for optimization. This paper describes a hybrid tram powered by a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell (FC) stack supported by an energy storage system (ESS) composed of a Li-ion battery (LB) pack and an ultra-capacitor (UC) pack.

Why do Trams run without a contact line?

With success too, since the trams run without overhead contact line on gradients of up to 2.6% and save energy. Environmentally friendly and cost-effective at the same time, this system proves how smoothly both operating modes function.

How many motor bogies does a tram have?

The tram is composed of bidirectional units with five articulated bodies resting on three motor bogies . The three motor bogies are driven by the tram traction system via an inverter box, which consists of three independent Variable Velocity Variable Frequency (VVVF) converters that supply the traction motors (one per wheel).

How long does a tram last?

It lasts 3200 s and the tram’s mileage is 10.64 km. From 0 to 2183 s, the tram is running on the line, passing through 12 trips; From 2183 s to 3200 s, the tram stops at the starting position charging the battery. Fig. 6. Driving cycles of the tram: (a) Speed, (b) Acceleration, (c) Mileage.