What types of sensors are used in energy storage devices?

Section 4 summarizes the characteristics of existing sensors used in new energy storage devices, and predicts future research and an improvement direction from the perspective of actual working conditions. Non-embedded sensors mainly include current, voltage, temperature, and strain sensors, as well as several types combined with optical sensors.

What are the different sensing methods used in energy storage devices?

These are highly related to their states. Hence, this paper reviews the sensing methods and divides them into two categories: embedded and non-embedded sensors. A variety of measurement methods used to measure the above parameters of various new energy storage devices such as batteries and supercapacitors are systematically summarized.

What are the key parameters of energy storage devices?

In this paper, the measurement of key parameters such as current, voltage, temperature, and strain, all of which are closely related to the states of various new energy storage devices, and their relationship with the states of those devices are summarized and explained, mainly for non-embedded sensors and embedded sensors.

Why do energy storage devices need monitoring?

Because there are relatively few monitoring parameters and limited understanding of their operation, they present problems in accurately predicting their state and controlling operation, such as state of charge, state of health, and early failure indicators. Poor monitoring can seriously affect the performance of energy storage devices.

How to maximize the efficiency of new energy storage devices?

Therefore, to maximize the efficiency of new energy storage devices without damaging the equipment, it is important to make full use of sensing systems to accurately monitor important parameters such as voltage, current, temperature, and strain. These are highly related to their states.

How does a low pressure battery work?

To achieve low-pressure operation, the charge cut-off voltage of the battery was controlled, reducing it from the conventional 4.4–4.2 V. This adjustment significantly decreased the volume expansion rate of the cathode from an initial 6–2.5%.