How to evaluate environmental impacts in energy storage systems?

During the evaluation of environmental impacts, the initial step is to collect the life cycle inventory (LCI) of the energy storage options. Specifically, the LCIs for PHS and CAES are available in the supplementary materials (Tables S9–S10), whereas the LCIs for LIPB and VRFB systems were referenced in previous work .

What is the power and capacity of Es peaking demand?

Taking the 49.5% RE penetration system as an example, the power and capacity of the ES peaking demand at a 90% confidence level are 1358 MW and 4122 MWh, respectively, while the power and capacity of the ES frequency regulation demand are 478 MW and 47 MWh, respectively.

How to evaluate the environmental performance of energy storage alternatives?

When assessing the environmental performance, the key technology parameters of the energy storage alternatives including lifecycles, round-trip efficiency and calendric lifetime, are characterized by the upper quartiles, median and lower quartile values, which are provided in Table 3 and Table S8.

Why is energy storage important in grid balancing?

Energy storage technology plays an important role in grid balancing, particularly for peak shaving and load shifting, due to the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources such as solar energy and their inherent intermittency and unpredictability.

How does heat release capacity affect peak promotion?

As heat release capacity increases, the peak capacity for promoting load also rises, expanding the control range of power generation load, and gradually shifting the thermoelectric characteristic curve upward. Furthermore, under the multi-steam source energy storage mode, the peak shaving and peak promotion capabilities are significantly enhanced.

How does energy storage power correction affect es capacity?

Energy storage power correction During peaking, ES will continuously absorb or release a large amount of electric energy. The impact of the ESED on the determination of ES capacity is more obvious. Based on this feature, we established the ES peaking power correction model with the objective of minimizing the ESED and OCGR.