How is pulse energy storage achieved in ceramic films?

Excellent pulse energy-storage performances of ceramic films are achieved via the new dual priority strategy of establishing cationic vacancies and forming a liquid phase. The dielectric constant plateau appears due to the cubic phase and space charges.

How to improve BDS and pulse energy-storage performance?

The formation of space charges and a double electric layer capacitor are beneficial for improving the BDS and pulse energy-storage performances. Apart from the grain size, ceramic resistance and space charges, the bandgap width ( Eg) is the other crucial factor affecting the BDS value.

Which parameter is used to evaluate pulse energy storage properties?

The discharge speed is an important parameter to evaluate the pulse energy storage properties, where t 0.9 is usually used indicating the time needed to release 90% of the discharge energy density. The value of t 0.9 increases from 280 ns at x = 0 to 433 ns at x = 0.04, then decreases to 157 ns at x = 0.1.

Are pulse charge-discharge properties a criterion for reliable energy storage applications?

The pulse charge–discharge properties are crucial criterion to evaluate reliability of materials for practical energy storage application. Fig. S5 and Fig. S6 show the overdamped and underdamped discharge voltage curves of the BLLMT x ceramics at different electric fields, respectively.

Why are pulse energy storage properties improved in bllmt X ceramics?

According to the above analysis, the improvement of the pulse energy storage properties of the BLLMT x ceramics can be attributed to the multi-ferroelectric phases coexistence, the enlarged bandgap width, the improved relaxation characteristic and the formation of small size PNRs.

What are the energy-storage properties?

The comprehensive energy-storage properties with dual priority parameters of energy-storage density and efficiency of 3.13 J/cm 3 and 91.71%, accompanied by an excellent pulse discharge energy density of 2.48 J/cm 3, current density of 1313.23 A/cm 2 and power density of 195.26 MW/cm 3 are gained at x = 0.1.