What are the efficiencies of a thermal energy storage system?

From the perspective of energy usage, the efficiencies of conversion to electric power in a thermal energy storage system, battery storage system and pumped hydroelectric storage system are estimated to be 90%, 85% and 70%, respectively.

What is a thermal storage system?

The thermal storage system consists of heat exchangers containing thermal energy storage materials with different thermal energy storage temperatures, piping, valves and control units, as shown in Figure 2(a).

How does stored heat generate electricity?

This stored heat can generate electricity by releasing its energy to the pre-boiler and/or boiler during high-load operation, which results in energy savings of around 2% or more.

What is thermal energy storage?

Thermal Energy Storage is a proven concept used to balance supply and demand for electricity, heating, and cooling. The integration of TES with P2H and CHP applications can provide flexibility and increase the power system's reliability. Most P2H technologies generally combine with external TES.

What is the efficiency of an electric boiler?

They can produce superheated steam with high temperatures (>350 °C) and high pressure (>70 bar). Both types of electric boilers have high efficiency ranging from 95 to 99.9 % . Table 1 shows the industrial applications of electric boilers according to various temperature levels.

Do electric boilers use more electricity in the future?

As shown in Fig. 7, the electricity consumption by electric boilers for all sectors increased from 243 GWh to 697 GWh in the last ten years (EU-27 and the UK) . The trend indicates plausible higher usage of electric boilers in the future, especially in an energy system with a highly electrified industrial sector. Fig. 7.