How do you calculate pulse charge–discharge performance?

The discharge energy density and t 0.9 are two significant parameters to assess the quality of pulse charge–discharge performance. The discharge energy density (W d) can be calculated by the following equation: (8) W d = ∫ I (t) 2 R d t V where R and V represent the load resistor (200 Ω) and sample volume, respectively.

Are pulse charge-discharge properties a criterion for reliable energy storage applications?

The pulse charge–discharge properties are crucial criterion to evaluate reliability of materials for practical energy storage application. Fig. S5 and Fig. S6 show the overdamped and underdamped discharge voltage curves of the BLLMT x ceramics at different electric fields, respectively.

Which parameter is used to evaluate pulse energy storage properties?

The discharge speed is an important parameter to evaluate the pulse energy storage properties, where t 0.9 is usually used indicating the time needed to release 90% of the discharge energy density. The value of t 0.9 increases from 280 ns at x = 0 to 433 ns at x = 0.04, then decreases to 157 ns at x = 0.1.

What is the energy storage density of BT-based pulse energy storage ceramics?

However, the energy storage density is lower than 4 J/cm 3 and the discharge energy density is lower than 1 J/cm 3 for most of the BT-based pulse energy storage ceramics, which limit their applications due to the little BDS and polarization (or permittivity), and large domain size , .

What is the temperature stability of the discharge energy density?

The temperature stability of the discharge energy density for the BLLMT 0.04 ceramics is measured at 20–120 ℃ and 200 kV/cm as shown in Fig. 7 (e). The discharge energy density increases slightly at 20–80 ℃ with the increase of temperature, and then decreases with further increasing temperature.

What are the characteristics of high discharge energy density ceramics?

High discharge energy density of 3.98 J/cm3 and ultrafast discharge rate of 221 ns are obtained at x = 0.04. The ceramics present excellent stabilities in pulse energy storage performance. t 0.9 is influenced by Cullen effect, bandgap width, pinning effect and domain size.